in Calendario civile (a cura di Alessandro Portelli), Donzelli Editore, Roma 2017
Tre attitudini accompagnano da sedici anni il 27 gennaio, giorno della liberazione nel 1945 del campo di Auschwitz, scelto nel 2000 dal Parlamento italiano come Giorno della Memoria, con 5 anni di anticipo sugli altri paesi europei.
I fautori a oltranza si prodigano con ogni mezzo per affollarlo di appuntamenti e iniziative che tracimano inevitabilmente nei giorni successivi. Gli echi mediatici, il numero degli eventi e il grado di stanchezza di promotori e partecipanti sono l’unità di misura della sua buona riuscita. Agli antipodi, un piccolo ma agguerrito manipolo di detrattori mette in discussione l’opportunità stessa della celebrazione ma soprattutto le sue modalità e i suoi destinatari. In mezzo, i perplessi che, pur convinti della necessità della ricorrenza, temono che la memoria, affidata prevalentemente alla testimonianza individuale, sfugga alla verifica storica dei fatti e del loro contesto.
Se la tendenza dominante premia i fautori, tra i detrattori spicca, con il saggio stimolante e provocatorio Contro il giorno della memoria, la scrittrice Elena Loewenthal. Ne spiega lei stessa le motivazioni. «Concepito e nato per ricordare l’orrore che l’Europa ha visto e annidato negli anni Quaranta del secolo scorso, il GdM è diventato ben presto una specie di (postumo) atto di omaggio agli ebrei sterminati. Una ricorrenza non introspettiva, bensì transitiva»[1]…«Ma da quando in qua la storia appartiene a chi ci muore dentro senza lasciare altra traccia se non una voluta di fumo da un camino altissimo?»[2]…«La memoria deve servire a tutt’altro. A educare nella direzione opposta. A divulgare il male per tenersene lontani. A riconoscere quella storia come propria. Italiana. Altro che ebraica… La memoria della Shoah è di tutti gli altri fuorchè degli ebrei…»[3]. Verissimo. Nel tempo, il Giorno della Memoria, nutrito di viaggi ad Auschwitz, dell’ascolto dei testimoni, di filmati, pubblicazioni, spettacoli teatrali, concerti, mostre, master universitari, rischia di diventare il Giorno della Memoria della Shoà.
Del resto, se all’indomani dell’apertura dei cancelli di Auschwitz, silenzio e rimozione assecondavano una memoria così viva della Resistenza da assorbire in sé qualsiasi altra declinazione di lotta e persecuzione, a partire dal processo Eichmann nel 1961 ma soprattutto nel corso degli anni ’80 e ’90, la Shoah, finalmente riconosciuta nel suo orrore e nella sua specificità, ha assunto progressivamente il ruolo di protagonista, relegando in un cono d’ombra le altre forme di persecuzione e sterminio, politica, militare, rom, omosessuale. Così ragiona lo storico David Bidussa: «Si è dissolta la memoria dell’antifascismo; la memoria delle diverse deportazioni – politica, civile, militare – è arretrata. Due condizioni che chiamano in causa la fisionomia culturale dell’opinione pubblica per la quale la dimensione pubblica della Shoah sembra aver guadagnato spazio a scapito di qualcos’altro e per dare spazio a una rinnovata “indifferenza”»[4]. Ne è prova la sorte del Memoriale italiano nel Padiglione 21 di Auschwitz, “sfrattato” perché, orientato sul versante politico-resistenziale, è poco conforme agli attuali equilibri memoriali. Contro la guerra tra le identità e le memorie, lo storico Marcello Flores esorta a «incrementare il tasso di adesione identitaria ai valori universali che costituiscono il cuore della cultura dei diritti umani e che non permette distinzioni tra violenze, violazioni, crimini commessi verso i nostri vicini o verso chi sta più lontano»[5].
Uno sguardo alla Legge istitutiva del 20 luglio 2000, n. 211, pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 177 del 31 luglio 2000, rivela la diversità degli intenti iniziali. Il titolo parla intanto di “Istituzione del “Giorno della Memoria” in ricordo dello sterminio e delle persecuzioni del popolo ebraico e dei deportati militari e politici italiani nei campi nazisti”. Consta di due articoli. Recita il primo: “La Repubblica italiana riconosce il giorno 27 gennaio, data dell’abbattimento dei cancelli di Auschwitz, “Giorno della Memoria”, al fine di ricordare la Shoah (sterminio del popolo ebraico), le leggi razziali, la persecuzione italiana dei cittadini ebrei, gli italiani che hanno subìto la deportazione, la prigionia, la morte, nonchè coloro che, anche in campi e schieramenti diversi, si sono opposti al progetto di sterminio, ed a rischio della propria vita hanno salvato altre vite e protetto i perseguitati”. Non solo le vittime, dunque, ma anche i Giusti e quanti si sono prodigati per la protezione e la salvezza dei perseguitati. L’articolo 2 entra invece nel merito delle modalità della celebrazione: “In occasione del “Giorno della Memoria” di cui all’articolo 1, sono organizzati cerimonie, iniziative, incontri e momenti comuni di narrazione dei fatti e di riflessione, in modo particolare nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado, su quanto è accaduto al popolo ebraico e ai deportati militari e politici italiani nei campi nazisti in modo da conservare nel futuro dell’Italia la memoria di un tragico ed oscuro periodo della storia nel nostro Paese e in Europa, e affinchè simili eventi non possano mai più accadere”. Fare degli ebrei i destinatari privilegiati della giornata contraddice dunque lo spirito inclusivo della Legge. Loewenthal riconosce la logica che sottende la scelta del 27 gennaio: quel giorno l’Europa intera e non solo le truppe dell’Armata Rossa hanno preso atto dell’esistenza del pianeta Auschwitz. «E’ la ricorrenza del primo sguardo dentro al campo…Allora, se una ricorrenza resta efficace e ha ancora qualcosa da dire, il punto di partenza è provare a immedesimarsi in quel momento», mettersi nei panni dei soldati russi e provare il loro stesso sgomento. Altrimenti, «ricordare perché non accada mai più rimane una frase vuota. Non solo, come aveva previsto Primo Levi, ciò che è accaduto continua ad accadere, ma il GdM non ha ridotto affatto il negazionismo, il razzismo e l’antisemitismo, li ha semmai amplificati attraverso la rete e aggravati con la declinazione anti-israeliana. Concorda il filosofo Tzvetan Todorov quando mette in guardia: «Ancora oggi, la memoria della seconda Guerra Mondiale è viva in Europa, sostenuta da innumerevoli commemorazioni, pubblicazioni e trasmissioni radiofoniche o televisive; ma la ripetizione rituale del “non bisogna dimenticare” non ha alcuna visibile incidenza sul processo di purificazione etnica, di torture e di esecuzioni di massa che nello stesso tempo si verificano all’interno stesso dell’Europa»[6]. Tra i perplessi, si distingue la storica Anna Rossi-Doria, che pur non mettendo in discussione l’opportunità e l’utilità del Giorno della Memoria, sottolinea le ambiguità contenute nel secondo articolo della Legge. Ponendo sullo stesso piano “cerimonie, iniziative, incontri e momenti comuni di narrazione dei fatti e di riflessione”, si rischia di non distinguere o addirittura di sostituire la memoria alla storia, fidando nel fatto che le testimonianze, dirette o trasmesse con film e documentari, rappresentino da sole uno strumento efficace di conoscenza. Una contraddizione difficilmente sanabile anche se la stessa storica intravede un sintomo di ricomposizione nel film del 1985 Shoah di Claude Lanzmann, un film che lo storico Pierre Vidal-Nacquet giudica una grande opera storica, «la prova assoluta che lo storico è anche un artista. Un film che mostra quanto l’arte possa essere una delle vie maestre per salvare la memoria»[7].
Mentre Rossi-Doria rifiuta categoricamente ogni idea di “indicibilità” della Shoah, Loewenthal ammette di non riuscire «nemmeno lontanamente a sentire quello che ha sentito chi è stato dentro quel tempo, quelle cose….Non posso far nulla per condividerlo, per sentirlo, per renderlo comunicabile»[8]. Una posizione estrema assimilabile a quella dello psicoanalista francese Gerard Wajcman quando giudica parimenti impossibile rappresentare ciò che nessuno ha visto, l’assenza cioè, quell’invisibile che è il «cuore assoluto di questo secolo moderno»[9] e che coincide con il baratro della Shoah. A differenza di Loewenthal, però, Wajcman crede nella capacità dell’arte di mostrare ciò che non è rappresentabile né a parole né in immagini. Per questo plaude a Duchamp e Malevic e, oggi, a Lanzman e a Jochen Gerz, autore nel 1986 del Monumento contro il fascismo, la guerra, la violenza – per la pace e i diritti umani : una colonna di piombo che sprofonda nel terreno nel giro di 7 anni grazie alle firme impresse dai visitatori sulla duttile superficie. La memoria passa così dal memoriale ormai invisibile ai testimoni che hanno assistito alla sua sparizione. C’è in realtà un modo di ricordare discreto, privo di enfasi e di retorica, su cui tutti concordano: restituire a ciascuno il proprio nome, «l’unica cosa che si possa riavere dopo la morte…la traccia che l’individuo lascia sul mondo»[10]. E’ il compito titanico assuntosi dall’archivio di Yad Vashem a Gerusalemme, lo stesso dell’artista tedesco Gunter Demnig quando nel 1990 decide di ricordare tutti i deportati indistintamente, uno per uno, interrando davanti alla casa di ognuno uno Stolpersteine, una “pietra d’inciampo”, recante il suo nome, la data di nascita, di deportazione e di morte, l’intero ciclo cioè di una esistenza tragica, in un luogo appena sufficiente a contenerla. Un rituale che si ripete ogni anno in gennaio uguale a se stesso, nelle premesse e negli esiti; anche se cambiano ogni volta i nomi, le storie, i luoghi, il disegno dunque della mappa della memoria europea costruita da quelle 60.000 pietre.
Alla luce di posizioni tanto variegate, cui possono ricondursi le voci di altri storici, filosofi, psicoanalisti, artisti, occorre ribadire l’opportunità e l’indiscutibile utilità del Giorno della Memoria come occasione di studio, riflessione e formazione sulla storia del secolo passato e dei suoi orrori. E la voce degli ultimi testimoni deve essere una fonte preziosa e insostituibile, anche perché, come osserva Annette Wieviorka, «riscalda le gelide stanze della storia»[11]. Per scongiurare il doppio rischio della “sacralizzazione” e della “banalizzazione” della Shoah, della sua inconfrontabilità o della sua assenza di specificità, Auschwitz va «pensata storicamente»[12], non per tributare un omaggio alle vittime né per risarcirle, dunque, ma per «…Riconoscere. Che è una cosa ben più difficile e scomoda…Riconoscere significa in fondo riconoscersi. Guardare quel passato e non negare che riguarda se stessi. Non perché colpevoli ma perché quella storia è imprescindibile dalla propria identità collettiva»[13]. Trattandosi di una ricorrenza, infine, il GdM deve essere pubblicamente riconoscibile attraverso quella ripetizione rituale che caratterizza tutte le altre ricorrenze del nostro calendario. Perché allora la ricerca compulsiva di novità? «C’è un equivoco di fondo, sul GdM. Che non è sentito tanto come una ricorrenza intrinseca al calendario civile, come un evento entrato nella comune percezione del tempo laico, con i suoi rituali e le sue commemorazioni, quanto come una sorta di ‘intrusione’ dall’esterno… come un’eccezione al calendario… come un’escursione in un tempo altrui, in un’altra dimensione civile, culturale, storica…»[14]
Bibliografia
E. Loewenthal, Contro il giorno della memoria, add editore, Torino 2014
A. Wieviorka, L’era del testimone, Raffaello Cortina Editore, Milano 1999
D. Bidussa, Dopo l’ultimo testimone, Einaudi, Torino 2009
A. Rossi-Doria, Sul ricordo della Shoah, Zamorani Editore, Torino 2010
G. Wajcman, L’objet du siècle, Éditions Verdier, Lagrasse 1998
T. Todorov, Gli abusi della memoria, trad. it. di A. Cavicchia
Scalamonti, Ipermedium libri, Napoli 1996
[1]E. Loewenthal, Contro il giorno della memoria, add editore, Torino 2014, p. 58.
[2]Ivi, p. 61.
[3]Ivi, p. 64.
[4]D. Bidussa, Il futuro del Giorno della memoria tra rituali e metafisiche indifferenze, in «Pagine Ebraiche», n. 3, marzo 2010, p. 25.
[5]M. Flores, lectio magistralis al convegno Quale memoria per quale società? I musei della Shoah nel terzo millennio, Roma, Palazzo Montecitorio, Sala Aldo Moro, 14 aprile 2015.
[6]T. Todorov, Gli abusi della memoria, trad. it. di A. Cavicchia Scalamonti, Ipermedium libri, Napoli 1996, pp. 67-68.
[7]A. Rossi-Doria, Invocazioni della memoria e ragioni della storia: a proposito del “Giorno della memoria”, in Roma 1944-45: una stagione di speranze, in«L’Annale Irsifar», Franco Angeli, Milano 2005, p. 158.
[8]E. Loewenthal, Contro il giorno…, cit., p. 90.
[9]G. Wajcman, L’objet du siècle, Éditions Verdier, Lagrasse 1998, p. 239.
[10]E. Loewenthal, Contro il giorno…, cit., p. 41.
[11]A. Wieviorka, L’era del testimone, Raffaello Cortina Editore, Milano 1999, p. 85.
[12]A. Rossi-Doria, Invocazioni della memoria…, cit., p. 159.
[13]E. Loewenthal, Contro il giorno…, cit., p. 82.
[14]Ivi, p. 57.
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